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Information × Registration Number 2124U006363, Article popup.category Стаття Title popup.author Matkivska R.Samborska I.Maievskyi O. popup.publication 10-05-2024 popup.source_user Національний медичний університет імені О. О. Богомольця popup.source http://ir.librarynmu.com/handle/123456789/11059 popup.publisher BIOMEDICAL REPORTS 20: 16, 2024 Description The human body is affected by environmental factors. The dynamic balance between the organism and its environment results from the influence of natural, anthropogenic and social aspects. The factors of exogenous origin determine development of adaptive changes. The present article summarises the mechanisms of animal venom toxins and homeostasis disruption in the body of mammals. The mechanisms underlying pathological changes are associated with shifts in biochemical reactions. Components of the immune, nervous and endocrine systems are key in the host defense and adaptation processes in response to venom by triggering signalling pathways (PI3kinase pathway, arachidonic acid cascade). Animal venom toxins initiate the development of inflammatory processes, the synthesis of pro‑inflammatory mediators (cytokines), ROS, proteolytic enzymes, activate the migration of leukocytes and macrophages. Keratinocytes and endothelial cells act as protective barriers under the action of animal venom toxins on the body of mammals. In addition, the formation of pores in cell membranes, structural changes in cell ion channels are characteristic of the action of animal venom toxins. popup.nrat_date 2025-05-13 Close